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10. Payment - ready to pay for your White American, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Infobox Ethnic group|group = White American|image = |pop = White American
215,333,394
General Demographic Characteristics: 200574.7% of the total U.S. population
|regions = List of regions of the United States|languages = Predominantly American EnglishSpanish languageGerman languageItalian languageArabic languageFrench language|religions = Predominantly Christianity; minorities practicing Islam Judaism and other faiths-->The term white American
(often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American"Lee, Sandra S. Mountain, Joanna. Barbara, Koening A. The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale University. 2001. Accessed October 26, 2006. and within the United States simply "white"The U.S. Census Bureau, for example, uses "white" rather than "white American." ) is an umbrella term that refers to people of European American, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States.http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html In the most recent United States Census conducted in 2000, 47.9% of the then 35,305,818 U.S. Hispanics also fell into the white American category,http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 making White Hispanics the plurality among Hispanics of all races in the United States.In contemporary social scientific terms Whites are regarded as the dominant racial group, whose norms and bahavioral patterns are seen as the benchmark for normality. According to sociologist Steven Seidman, "Whitness is assumed... it is the default condition." Many early European immigrants, espcially Jews and Souther as well as Eastern Europeans were not seen as White upon arrivial, as Whitness describes membership in the societal mainstream.Seidman, S. (2004). Critical Race Theory. In
Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today (pp. 231 - 243). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. As the cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial categories are contested and fluid, this broad official definition includes people who might not be considered white by others and who might not consider themselves white.
Historical and present definitions
Today, the term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the
United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria.
Current U.S. Census definition
The 2000 U.S. census states that
Race (United States Census) "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria." Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race from U.S. Census Bureau, 14 March 2001. Retrieved 15 October 2006. It defines "white people" as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of
Europe, the Middle East, or
North Africa.http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf The White Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001. In U.S. census documents, the designation
white overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term
Hispanic, which was introduced in the
1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of
Race (United States Census). Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin 2000 U.S. Census Bureau
Hispanicity, which is independent of race, is the only ethnic category, as opposed to racial category, which is officially collated by the
U.S. Census Bureau. The distinction made by government agencies for those within the population of any official race category, including "white American", is between those with Hispanic ethnicity backgrounds and all others of non-Hispanic ethnic bacgrounds. In the case of White Americans, these two groups are respectively termed
"White Hispanics" and
"non-Hispanic Whites"; the former having at least one ancestor from the people of
Spain or Hispanic America, and the latter consisting of an ethnically diverse collection of all others who are classified as white American who are of non-Hispanic ethnic backgrounds.
Many Americans who are treated as part of minority groups are included in the census category "white." This is true for many Hispanic Americans, 47.9% of whom identified racially as white. The 2000 Census separated the question on Hispanics from the Race (U.S. Census), the latter being divided into the 5 categories of white,
African American,
Native Americans in the United States, Pacific Islander American, Asian American, plus "other", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one category. It is also true for many
Arab American and other Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans, as well as Jewish Americans, since the 2000 Census conflates race and geographic/national origin:
white is defined to include people with original origins in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.
In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the Race (United States Census) give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported
Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish,
Zoroastrian, Mexican, or
Caucasian race as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as white.Surveilance Epidemology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 US Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics. 2007. May 21, 2007. This may result in the counting of persons such as
Indian Muslims, Indian Jews, and Parsi as white, if they solely report their religious heritage without their national origin.
Social definition
According to race scholars such as Karen Brodkin, in the United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered white and Jews (presumably those of European origin, that is,
Ashkenazi Jews) are also today considered white.Karen Brodkin,
How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick NJ, 1998). However, while the census asserts that "race" and "ethnicity" are separate, some
White Hispanic may not consider themselves white and may not be considered white by others, possibly because of the long-held stereotype of Hispanics being given a non-white racial value.http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exminbla.htmlhttp://www.davidberreby.com/work14.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/jan-june00/census_3-23.html Likewise, while people of Middle Eastern and North African descent are included in the white category in the census, studies have found that Arab American teenagers may sometimes construct identities that distinguish themselves from "white society."http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371
The cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories have changed significantly over the course of American history. Even among Europeans, those not considered white at some time in American history are the
Irish people, Germans,
Ashkenazi Jews,
Italians,
Spaniards, Slavs, Greeks and other European
Mediterranean peoples.John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America,"
The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 825-827. David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998). The process of officially being defined as
white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of
citizenship.Sweet, Frank W.
Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), ISBN 0939479230.
Privilege
As whites are the dominant group; according to sociologists Steven Seidman, "Whiteness has been about privilege." White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful position, controlling almost all political, economic and cultural institutions. Yet, Whites are most commonly unaware of their privilege and the manner in which their culture has become dominant, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather perceive their views and culture as "raceless." According to
Richard Dyer:
{{cquote|White people have the power and believe that they think, feel and act like and for all people; White people, unable to see their particularity, cannot take account of other peoples; White people create the dominant image of the world and don't quite see that they thus construct the world in their own image; White people set standards of humanity by which they are bound to succeed and others bound to fail. Most of this is not done deliberately and maliciously;... White power none the less reproduces itself regardless of intention... because it is not seen as Whiteness, but as normal. (Dyer in Seidman, 2004 p. 242)-->
Certain white populations, such as homosexuals, women and the disabled, however, lose parts of this privelege due to disinfranchisement that occurs based on non-racial characteristics.
Demographic information
White American is the largest racial group counted in the 2000 Census, comprising 77.1 percent of the population. This includes about 2% of the population who self-identified as "white" in combination with one or more other races; about 8% also identified Ethnicity (United States Census) as Hispanic. The largest ethnic groups among white Americans were Germans followed by the Irish and the English.
Geographic distribution
According to the Census definition, white Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in
Hawaii, many Indian reservation, parts of the
Southern United States known as the
Black Belt (U.S. region), and in many urban areas throughout the country. In
California, Whites slipped from 80% of the state's population in 1970 to 43% in 2006. The Best Story of Our Lives
Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as
white alone by the Census Bureau was found in the northern Midwestern United States,
New England, the
Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, and
West Virginia. The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.
Although all large geographical areas are dominated by white Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.
Income and educational attainment
Some argue that because white Americans have faced the least Racism in the United States of any racial or ethnic group, they have had time to build up wealth, and that this is a major contributor to economic inequities among races today. White Americans have the second highest Household income in the United States#Race and Personal income in the United States#Race levels in the nation. The median Income in the United States per household member was also the highest, since white Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a white American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed between ages 25 and 64 earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Among whites, Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income and educational attainment among white Americans. In 2005, white households had a median household income of $48,977, 10.3% above the national median of $44,389. American-born Cuban Americans (half of the Cuban American populace) almost all classify as white, and have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other whites.Cubans in the United States http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf.
Poverty rates for white Americans are the lowest of any racial group, with 8.6% of white individuals living below the poverty line (3% below the national average). However, due to whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.http://www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/rdev/newsletter/june97/rural-poverty.html
Whites' Educational attainment in the United States#Race are the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of white Americans had a Bachelor degree, with the educational attainment for whites being higher for those born outside the United States. Nearly forty percent, 37.6%, of foreign born and 29.7% of native born whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27.2%.
Male-female income disparity in the United States was the greatest among whites with white men outearning white women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of white females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for white females was only slightly higher than that of African American females, indicating that income inequities seem to run along gender lines more so than along racial lines.
Admixture
see also Race and genetics#Admixture in the United States
According to a recent study about one third of all white Americans, 74 million, have between 2 and 20 percent Native American and/or African admixture Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States, Frank Sweet.
See also
References
External links
- White Population 2000 from the US Census
{{Infobox Ethnic group|group = White American|image = |pop = White American
215,333,394
General Demographic Characteristics: 200574.7% of the total U.S. population
|regions = List of regions of the United States|languages = Predominantly American EnglishSpanish languageGerman languageItalian languageArabic languageFrench language|religions = Predominantly Christianity; minorities practicing Islam Judaism and other faiths-->The term white American
(often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American"Lee, Sandra S. Mountain, Joanna. Barbara, Koening A. The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research. Yale University. 2001. Accessed October 26, 2006. and within the United States simply "white"The U.S. Census Bureau, for example, uses "white" rather than "white American." ) is an umbrella term that refers to people of European American, Middle Eastern, and North African descent residing in the United States.http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html In the most recent United States Census conducted in 2000, 47.9% of the then 35,305,818 U.S. Hispanics also fell into the white American category,http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 making White Hispanics the plurality among Hispanics of all races in the United States.In contemporary social scientific terms Whites are regarded as the dominant racial group, whose norms and bahavioral patterns are seen as the benchmark for normality. According to sociologist
Steven Seidman, "Whitness is assumed... it is the default condition." Many early European immigrants, espcially Jews and Souther as well as Eastern Europeans were not seen as White upon arrivial, as Whitness describes membership in the societal mainstream.Seidman, S. (2004). Critical Race Theory. In
Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today (pp. 231 - 243). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. As the cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial categories are contested and fluid, this broad official definition includes people who might not be considered white by others and who might not consider themselves white.
Historical and present definitions
Today, the term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the
United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria.
Current U.S. Census definition
The 2000 U.S. census states that Race (United States Census) "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria." Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race from U.S. Census Bureau, 14 March 2001. Retrieved 15 October 2006. It defines "white people" as "people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf The White Population: 2000, Census 2000 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001. In U.S. census documents, the designation
white overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term
Hispanic, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of
Race (United States Census). Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin 2000 U.S. Census Bureau
Hispanicity, which is independent of race, is the only ethnic category, as opposed to racial category, which is officially collated by the
U.S. Census Bureau. The distinction made by government agencies for those within the population of any official race category, including "white American", is between those with Hispanic
ethnicity backgrounds and all others of non-Hispanic ethnic bacgrounds. In the case of White Americans, these two groups are respectively termed
"White Hispanics" and
"non-Hispanic Whites"; the former having at least one ancestor from the people of
Spain or
Hispanic America, and the latter consisting of an ethnically diverse collection of all others who are classified as white American who are of non-Hispanic ethnic backgrounds.
Many Americans who are treated as part of minority groups are included in the census category "white." This is true for many Hispanic Americans, 47.9% of whom identified racially as white. The 2000 Census separated the question on Hispanics from the Race (U.S. Census), the latter being divided into the 5 categories of white,
African American, Native Americans in the United States, Pacific Islander American, Asian American, plus "other", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one category. It is also true for many
Arab American and other Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans, as well as Jewish Americans, since the 2000 Census conflates race and geographic/national origin:
white is defined to include people with original origins in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.
In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the Race (United States Census) give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported
Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, Mexican, or Caucasian race as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as white.Surveilance Epidemology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 US Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics. 2007. May 21, 2007. This may result in the counting of persons such as Indian Muslims,
Indian Jews, and
Parsi as white, if they solely report their religious heritage without their national origin.
Social definition
According to race scholars such as Karen Brodkin, in the United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered white and Jews (presumably those of European origin, that is,
Ashkenazi Jews) are also today considered white.Karen Brodkin,
How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick NJ, 1998). However, while the census asserts that "race" and "ethnicity" are separate, some White Hispanic may not consider themselves white and may not be considered white by others, possibly because of the long-held stereotype of Hispanics being given a non-white racial value.http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exminbla.htmlhttp://www.davidberreby.com/work14.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/jan-june00/census_3-23.html Likewise, while people of Middle Eastern and North African descent are included in the white category in the census, studies have found that Arab American teenagers may sometimes construct identities that distinguish themselves from "white society."http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371
The cultural boundaries separating white Americans from other racial or ethnic categories have changed significantly over the course of American history. Even among Europeans, those not considered white at some time in American history are the Irish people,
Germans, Ashkenazi Jews, Italians, Spaniards,
Slavs,
Greeks and other European Mediterranean peoples.John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America,"
The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan., 2000), pp. 825-827. David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998). The process of officially being defined as
white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of
citizenship.Sweet, Frank W.
Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), ISBN 0939479230.
Privilege
As whites are the dominant group; according to sociologists
Steven Seidman, "Whiteness has been about privilege." White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful position, controlling almost all political, economic and cultural institutions. Yet, Whites are most commonly unaware of their privilege and the manner in which their culture has become dominant, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather perceive their views and culture as "raceless." According to Richard Dyer:
{{cquote|White people have the power and believe that they think, feel and act like and for all people; White people, unable to see their particularity, cannot take account of other peoples; White people create the dominant image of the world and don't quite see that they thus construct the world in their own image; White people set standards of humanity by which they are bound to succeed and others bound to fail. Most of this is not done deliberately and maliciously;... White power none the less reproduces itself regardless of intention... because it is not seen as Whiteness, but as normal. (Dyer in Seidman, 2004 p. 242)-->
Certain white populations, such as homosexuals, women and the disabled, however, lose parts of this privelege due to disinfranchisement that occurs based on non-racial characteristics.
Demographic information
White American is the largest racial group counted in the 2000 Census, comprising 77.1 percent of the population. This includes about 2% of the population who self-identified as "white" in combination with one or more other races; about 8% also identified
Ethnicity (United States Census) as Hispanic. The largest ethnic groups among white Americans were Germans followed by the Irish and the English.
Geographic distribution
According to the Census definition, white Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in
Hawaii, many
Indian reservation, parts of the Southern United States known as the
Black Belt (U.S. region), and in many urban areas throughout the country. In California, Whites slipped from 80% of the state's population in 1970 to 43% in 2006. The Best Story of Our Lives
Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as
white alone by the Census Bureau was found in the northern Midwestern United States,
New England, the Rocky Mountain states,
Kentucky, and
West Virginia. The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.
Although all large geographical areas are dominated by white Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.
Income and educational attainment
Some argue that because white Americans have faced the least
Racism in the United States of any racial or ethnic group, they have had time to build up wealth, and that this is a major contributor to economic inequities among races today. White Americans have the second highest
Household income in the United States#Race and Personal income in the United States#Race levels in the nation. The median Income in the United States per household member was also the highest, since white Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a white American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed between ages 25 and 64 earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Among whites,
Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income and educational attainment among white Americans. In 2005, white households had a median household income of $48,977, 10.3% above the national median of $44,389. American-born
Cuban Americans (half of the Cuban American populace) almost all classify as white, and have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other whites.Cubans in the United States http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf.
Poverty rates for white Americans are the lowest of any racial group, with 8.6% of white individuals living below the poverty line (3% below the national average). However, due to whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.http://www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/rdev/newsletter/june97/rural-poverty.html
Whites' Educational attainment in the United States#Race are the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of white Americans had a
Bachelor degree, with the educational attainment for whites being higher for those born outside the United States. Nearly forty percent, 37.6%, of foreign born and 29.7% of native born whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27.2%.
Male-female income disparity in the United States was the greatest among whites with white men outearning white women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of white females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for white females was only slightly higher than that of African American females, indicating that income inequities seem to run along gender lines more so than along racial lines.
Admixture
see also Race and genetics#Admixture in the United States
According to a recent study about one third of all white Americans, 74 million, have between 2 and 20 percent Native American and/or African admixture Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States, Frank Sweet.
See also
References
External links
- White Population 2000 from the US Census
White America
Political music video for Eminem's White America, created in Flash for the Guerrilla News Network.
White Clarke North America - Leasing Software
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The Battle of White Plains - a part of the American Revolution with Major General Howe and General George Washington in New York State on the 28th October 1776.
